In Mahayana Buddhism, “Prajna” and “Karuna” are two fundamental concepts that are deeply interwoven into its philosophy and practice. Understanding these terms provides insight into the spiritual path and ethical framework that characterizes this branch of Buddhism.

Prajna, or wisdom, is considered one of the paramount virtues in Mahayana Buddhism. It refers to the deep understanding or insight into the nature of reality, specifically the understanding of the doctrine of emptiness (Shunyata) and the interconnectedness of all things. This wisdom is not merely intellectual but is experiential knowledge gained through meditation and the application of Buddhist teachings in one’s life. Prajna enables one to see beyond the illusions and attachments of the mundane world, ultimately leading to the realization of Nirvana.

Karuna, or compassion, is the other key virtue, representing the active aspect of the Buddhist path. It is the heartfelt wish to alleviate the suffering of all sentient beings and is seen as a natural extension of the understanding of emptiness and interconnectedness. Karuna is not just a passive feeling of sympathy but involves active efforts to help others. In Mahayana Buddhism, the ideal of the Bodhisattva embodies this principle: beings who aspire enlightenment but choose to remain in the cycle of rebirth (samsara) to assist others in achieving liberation.

In Mahayana thought, Prajna and Karuna are inseparable and complement each other. Wisdom without compassion is considered incomplete, as it lacks the motivation to act for the benefit of others. Similarly, compassion without wisdom can be misguided, as it may not be based on a correct understanding of the nature of suffering and how to truly alleviate it. Together, these qualities lead to the development of the Bodhisattva path, where the practitioner aspires to achieve enlightenment for the sake of all beings, guided by both deep insight into the nature of reality and a profound commitment to helping others.

The relationship between Prajna and Karuna illustrates the Mahayana emphasis on both the philosophical depth and ethical engagement with the world. This integration of wisdom and compassion reflects the Mahayana goal of achieving Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings, not just for personal liberation.